“For a bear, who has a sense of smell that’s considered to be seven times greater than that of a dog, when that spray gets in their snout, it’s very painful,” says Nils Pedersen. He’s a trained wildlife biologist from Fairbanks, Alaska, and a human-bear conflict specialist with the Wind River Bear Institute, a wildlife conservation organization. “It causes their eyes to water, and all their means of perception are temporarily disabled.”